The Human Genome Project, What Essay Example For Students

The Human Genome Project, What Essay What would you do if you were given the power to change your geneticcode from brown hair to blond?. Man has had this ability through natural selectionfor some time without knowing it, but in the near future scientist will beable to speed the process of natural selection by changing a persons genes. Scientists have identified what constitutes human DNA located in the nucleusof a cell. The Human Genome Project was established to identify the genesthat make us who we are and is now an international organization. The massivetask of identifying the numerous gene combinations has created a problem. In the nucleus are 22 genomes, plus two sex chromosomes which have alreadybeen identified. In the 22 genome there are approximately 3 billion basepairs of DNA which contain 50,000 to 100,000 genes, a basic unit of heredity. We will write a custom essay on The Human Genome Project, What specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The identification of these base pairs is the goal of the Human Genome Project,which started in 1990 and whose job it is to identify the letters or chromosomesin DNA. These letters represent nulcleotides called adenine, guanine, thyamine,and cytosine (or A, C, T, G). (92 BSCS pg. 1) The Human Genome Projectidea originated in the mid 1980s and was discussed in the scientific communityand media through the latter part of that decade. In the United States thecombined effort of the Department of Energy and the National Institute of Healthwere involved in the project planning. (The National Center For Genetic Reasearch)The Human Genome Project has several goals including identifying the genesof a human assessing the genes and comparing human DNA to that of bacteria,yeasts, the fruit fly, mice, and the Arabidopis thaliana, a small genome plantthat grows rapidly. A major purpose is to determine how evolution proceedsfrom lower organisms to humans, and discover why the smaller genomes of ani malshave less junk or unneeded DNA. Geneticists use two types of maps to characterizethe genes they discovera genetic linkage map and a physical map. A geneticmap registers the distance between the fragments of DNA we know according tothe frequency with which they are inherited. The physical map measures theactual physical distance between two markers. Scientists want to map and developtechnology for rapid genotyping, plus develop markers that are easy to useas well as generate new mapping techniques. (Instrumentation) Scientistscan map genes but it is still expensive. One of the ongoing goals of the HumanGenome Project is to get the cost of mapping a gene down to 50 cents per basepair. (92 HSCS pg.3) The enormous information that is and has been generatedby the project is used to link sites together around the world through theinternet and now some information can be acessed by the general public. Anotherof the project goals is to create a sequencing capacity at a collective rateof 50 Mb per year. This is supposed to result in the completion of 80 Mb bythe end of FY 1998. Many people question whether the Human Genome Projectis worth the money spent on it and will it be used negatively toward thosewho have traits that are considered undesirable by insurance companies andother corporations? The HUMAN GENOME ORGANIZATION has a council of scientistsand doctors worldwide who meet to discuss the effects of identifying an individualsgenes. In the 1996 Genetics Confidentiality and Nondiscrimmination Act anattempt to addresss this issue as noted in Section 2, The DNA molecule containsan individuals genetic information that is uniquely private and inseparatefrom ones identity. Genetic information is being rapidly sequenced and understood. .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c , .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c .postImageUrl , .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c , .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c:hover , .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c:visited , .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c:active { border:0!important; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c:active , .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7e32e1f963f0284fc707d21dcf536c8c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Holden Caufield Emphasizes On The Loss Of Innocence In Children. He Fe EssayGenetic information carries special significance. It provides informationabout ones family, and more importantly, provides information about onesself and and ones self perception.Genetic information has been misused,harming individuals through stigmitization and discrimination. The potentialfor misuse is tremendous as genetics transcends medicine and has the potentialto penetrate many aspects of life including health and life insurance, finance,and education. Experts advocate that genetic information should not be collected,stored, analyzed, nor disclosed without the individuals authorization. Curr entlegal protections for genetic information is, however, inadequate. Uniformrules for collection, storage, and use of DNA samples are needed to protectindividual privacy and prevent discrimination while permitting legitimatemedical reasearch. The report further states that the reading of a minorsDNA should be only with parental or legal guardian consent and only if theanalysis benefits the individual. The need for legislation on reading genesmust be addressed prior to the final research breakthrough on this controversialissue in order to avoid discrimination against and protection of individuals. Nineteen states have already enacted laws that ban genetic discrimination. The positive uses, however, for the Human Genome Project far outweigh thenegative. While the Genome Project has major work yet to be done muchhas already been accomplished. A significant discovery is that over halfof the genes sequenced were previously unknown even though mass genetic mappinghad taken place over the last decade. The project revealed that yeast has12 million base pairs and 6,000 genes. The yeast gene has already providedscientists with a valuable insight into medical disorders such as cancer, neurologicalproblems, and skeletal disorders. The project was completed some two yearsahead of schedule because of mass automation and the fact that over a 100 laboratoriesin the United States, Canada, European Union, the United Kingdom, and Japanparticipated in the research. The genes were sequenced 55 % by the Europeans,17 % by the Sanger Centre, 15 % by WUSL, 7 % Stanford Universioty, 4 % by MCGillUniversity in Canada, 2 % by the Institute of Physical and Chemical ReasEarchin Japan. The start of the Yeast Genome hunt began in 1950 when Robert Mortimertried to map all of the genes in the DNA of the yeast organism. Then inthe 1980s Maynard Olson made a physical map of the genes of yeast by cloningoverlapping DNA fragments. The project spent some 30 million dollars to finishthe study.( Yeast Genome Sequenced)The Human Genome Project is a continuingquest and will be supported for several years until it completes the entiregene sequence for humans and compares it to the genes of the other organisms. The planned goals until 1998 include completing a sequence tagged site physicalof the human genome at a resolution of 100Kb. The organisms that are supposedto be identified are a map of the mouse at a resolution of 300Kb, EscheriaColi and Drosophilia melanogaster and bringing C. elegans to near completion. Comparisions of mice DNA with selected portions of human DNA are areas ofhigh biological interest. The organiztion will continue to identify issuesand policies surrounding the ethical end of the genome debate, foster greateracceptance of human and genetic variation, enhance and expand public knowledgeand professional education, diversify and expand the transfer of technologyboth into and out of centers of genome reasearch. The price of reasearch isincreasing as more and more labs become involved with the project. The projectsgoals are projected to cost almost 200 million annually in comparison with170 million for the FY 1994. The knowledge and potential that the HumanGenome Project will produce are astronomical. Identification of inheriteddiseases could be found in the fetus and then changed to both save lives andprevent devasting diseases. The Human Genome Project is, and will, be an ongoingproject for many years to come. Today we know just one-tenth of what researchwill reveal in a short few years yet we already have the knowledge to changeand alter genes. Currently, this power is limited but in the near future scientistwill have control over a factor originally associated with only natural reproduction. .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc , .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc .postImageUrl , .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc , .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc:hover , .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc:visited , .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc:active { border:0!important; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc:active , .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u44eca4e9dd2565fd194a11d2c5b47acc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Personal Story - What's in a Name? EssayUndoubtly, man will continue to be progressive and aggressive in this fieldof research. And who knowsmaybe the reality of Jurassic Park literallyis only a few years away. BibliographyThe Human Genome Organization. http://hugo.gdb.org/Imapact of the Human Genoe Project www.gdb.org/Dan/Doe/prim5.htmlInstrumentation. www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human-genome/resource/instrumentation.html MicroorganismsGenetic Information Yields Scientific Suproses, Poteneial Biotech Applicationswww.ornl.gov/TechResources /HumanGenome/archive/methanoc. htmlRevised 5 YearReasearech Goals of the U.S. Human Genome Project. Human Genome News, November1993The Genetics Copnfidentially and Nondiscrimination Act- SummaryTheScience and Technology of the Human Genome Project, The American Medical Association,1992

Using a College Sample Essay for Your Own

Using a College Sample Essay for Your OwnCollege sample essays are one of the most common forms of essay writing that students often use in the classroom. These are also a good way to get a feel for what to write in a particular college essay. The main thing to keep in mind is that you should never plagiarize another essay or try to use another person's essay for your own benefit.One reason why you should always be careful when using a college sample essay for your own is because it is so easy to fall into the trap of just stealing a lot of ideas and word work from it. It is easy to do, and you can get caught. If you were to use a lot of words that are similar to the examples in the essay, you may be risking having your name become blacklisted. This is because an assignment like this is supposed to be anonymous, and it is not right to steal the work by others just because you want to be able to use it.Also, you should not write something completely different in a different essay. If you really want to use it, you will need to make sure that your essay is unique and not plagiarized. Too many people steal, and they just end up giving up because they don't have the time or the knowledge to do original work.Not every essay is going to be different in some way. A lot of it depends on the writing style of the author, and how much information the writer wants to share in their essay. There is nothing wrong with writing about an activity that they did themselves, and if you are using an essay to make an example out of, it is just as well.You can have a college sample essay written by someone else and then include it in your own work. You can even decide to give it away to help others improve their writing skills. However, there are a few things that you need to keep in mind in order to avoid getting yourself into trouble.First, you should make sure that you do not plagiarize. Second, you should make sure that you do not steal other writers work. Last, you should make s ure that you know exactly what you are doing before you put any of it down on paper.You will not make mistakes like this if you do not write every day. Writing every day is not hard to do. However, even if you do have some time, you should still go over your work.You will learn more when you write every day. You will gain a lot of wisdom by putting your own thoughts into words. You can never have enough writing experience.